Scrub forward to widen the forecast window and watch cumulative probability grow.
Poisson model standard
Treats events as memoryless with a constant long-run rate â the standard null model for seismicity at this scale (Kagan & Jackson 1991). The probability does not depend on how long it has been quiet.
Renewal model time-dependent
Fits the gaps between past events (Gamma distribution) and conditions on the time elapsed since the last one â the statistically honest version of âoverdue.â Note: at global scale earthquakes cluster (CV > 1), so a long quiet spell usually makes the near-term probability slightly lower, not higher. True âoverdueâ behavior only emerges on individual faults with quasi-periodic recurrence.
Probability vs. time
Magnitudeâfrequency (GutenbergâRichter)
Epicenter map click to set a local area
Events in this area
Read this before quoting a number
About the model
Data. USGS ANSS ComCat (M4.5+, 2000 â Jan 2024, public domain), the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Catalogue (1900â1999, via the Swiss Re Historical Earthquake Statistics Dataset, CC BY-SA 3.0), and â when online â a live top-up straight from the USGS feed covering everything since. Pre-1900 events (NGDC significant-earthquake database) are shown for context only and never enter the statistics.
Completeness. Rates for magnitude â„ m are computed only over the years in which the merged catalog is complete at m: M7.5+ from 1900, M6.5+ from 1918, M5.5+ from 1964, M4.5+ from 2000 (ISC-GEM documented thresholds). This is why different magnitudes use different observation windows.
Estimators. Empirical rates carry exact Poisson confidence intervals (Garwood 1936). The GutenbergâRichter b-value is the AkiâUtsu maximum-likelihood estimate with the TintiâMulargia binning correction and ShiâBolt standard error. Where fewer than three events exist in the window, the global model extrapolates with a tapered GutenbergâRichter law (Kagan 2002) and local areas use fixed-b scaling â both flagged in the caveats when active. The renewal view fits a Gamma distribution to inter-event times by maximum likelihood and conditions on the open interval.
Full methodology, citations, and limitations: METHODOLOGY.md.